Ist Bitcoin nicht dieses digitale Geld? Stimmt. Doch ist das nur eine von drei Bedeutungen, die der Begriff haben kann. Neben dem Namen einer Kryptowährung, steht Bitcoin auch für eine neue Technologie und für eine gesellschaftliche Bewegung. Alle drei Dinge sind untrennbar miteinander verbunden.

Hier Bitcoins kaufen! Wollen Sie mit Bitcoin bezahlen? Wie viel ist ein Bitcoin gerade wert? Wenn in der Öffentlichkeit von Bitcoin die Rede ist, geht es in den meisten Fällen um digitales Geld.

Das ist naheliegend. Immerhin wurde Bitcoin mit dem expliziten Anspruch ins Leben gerufen, eine ganz neue, zeitgemäße Form von Geld zu sein. Ein Geld, das statt von Staaten und Banken von Mathematik und Algorithmen gesteuert wird. Ein Geld, das auf diese Weise stabil, verlässlich und krisensicher sein soll.

Neues Geld muss her

Das ist ein durchaus berechtigtes Interesse. Immerhin sind Krisen in unserem jetzigen Geldsystem eher die Regel als die Ausnahme. Al­lein in den knapp 40 Jahren zwischen 1970 und 2007 zählte der Internationale Währungsfonds 124 Bankenkrisen, 326 Währungskrisen und 64 Staatsverschuldungskri­sen auf nationaler Ebene.

Zwar waren viele davon eher klein und regional begrenzt, doch kommt es hin und wieder eben auch zu gewaltigen Krisen. Solchen, die die ganze Welt erschüttern und jahrzehntelange Nachwirkungen mit sich bringen.

2008 ging die US-Großbank Lehman Brothers pleite

Bitcoin ist krisenresistentes Geld

So wie zuletzt 2008. Das Jahr, in dem nicht zufällig auch Bitcoin zum ersten Mal in Erscheinung trat. Nur wenige Wochen nachdem die US-amerikanische Großbank Lehman Brothers spektakulär pleiteging und Regierungen auf der ganzen Welt Rettungspakete schnüren mussten für all die Banken, die sich zuvor in ihrer Profitgier gehörig verspekuliert hatten. Eine alternativlose Maßnahme, wie es damals hieß und eine bittere Pille, die der Steuerzahler schlucken musste. Es gab ja keine andere Lösung.

Genau das soll Bitcoin nun ändern. Es soll eine bessere Alternative zu dem krisenanfälligen bestehenden Geldsystem sein: ein modernes, sicheres und verlässliches Geld.

Innovative Technologie und Transparenz

Doch ist Bitcoin mehr als einfach nur Geld. Denn damit Bitcoin als neues digitales Geld überhaupt funktionieren konnte, brauchte es unter der Haube auch eine innovative Technologie. Irgendwie muss dieses neue Geld ja auch organisiert und dessen sichere Verwendung zuverlässig gewährleistet werden.

Die Erzeugung von neuen Geldeinheiten, eine verlässliche Buchführung, Transaktionen durchführen und Zahlungen abwickeln – all das, was normalerweise Banken unter Ausschluss der Öffentlichkeit in ihren Hochsicherheits-Rechenzentren erledigen, wird bei Bitcoin von einem gigantischen Computernetzwerk abgewickelt. Direkt im Internet und für jeden offen und frei einsehbar.

Lesen Sie auch: ►Wie finde ich den besten Bitcoin-Preis?

Warum haben wir noch kein digitales Geld?

Dass dabei alles mit rechten Dingen zugeht und niemand die Bücher manipulieren kann, ist eine der großen Herausforderungen. Sie ist auch der Grund, warum wir nicht schon längst digitales Geld haben. Die Idee für eine echtes Internetgeld ist schließlich nicht neu. Sie ist so alt wie das Internet selbst.

Schon seit Jahrzehnten wird über E-Geld nachgedacht, dazu geforscht und damit experimentiert. Der Wirtschaftsnobelpreisträger Milton Friedman hat beispielsweise in einem Interview zehn Jahre vor der Erfindung von Bitcoin darüber gesprochen, wie er sich ein internetbasiertes E-Cash vorstellt: als eine Art elektronisches Bargeld, das man ebenso einfach verwenden könne, wie man eine Banknote übergibt – nur eben direkt über das Internet und ohne Bank.

Die technische Umsetzung schien lange unmöglich

Auch wenn Milton Friedman die Umsetzung seiner Vision zu seinen Lebzeiten selbst nicht mehr erlebt hat, so ist es doch erstaunlich, wie sehr sich seine Beschreibungen von damals in vielen Punkten mit dem decken, was wir heute als Bitcoin kennen. Die Kryptowährung gilt dementsprechend auch als erste echte Umsetzung eines digitalen Bargelds.

Trotzdem: Dass es Bitcoin überhaupt gibt, ist keine Selbstverständlichkeit und überaus bemerkenswert. Denn so fortschrittlich auch die Visionen diesbezüglich von Friedman und all den anderen E-Cash-Visionären waren. Die technische Umsetzung galt lange Zeit als unmöglich. Daher scheiterten auch lange Zeit alle Versuche.

Digitales Geld galt lange Zeit als nicht realisierbar.

Kopiermaschine Internet: Für Geld eher unpraktisch

Ein Grund für die Schwierigkeiten war das Internet. Denn genau das, was das Internet für uns so praktisch und erfolgreich macht, ist dessen Schwachpunkt, wenn man Geld darin verwalten will. Denn damit ein digitales Geld wie Bitcoin seinen Wert behält, muss sichergestellt werden, dass niemand es fälschen, heimlich vervielfältigen und dasselbe Geld mehrfach ausgeben kann.

Genau das ist im Internet jedoch eigentlich nicht möglich. Denn die große Stärke des World Wide Web ist ja gerade, Daten schnell, einfach und effizient zu vervielfältigen. Das Internet ist quasi eine riesige Kopiermaschine. Vervielfältigen ist das, was es am besten kann und was es zur bedeutendsten Infrastruktur unserer Zeit gemacht hat. Musik streamen, Fotos teilen, Videotelefonate in Echtzeit ans andere Ende der Welt, soziale Netzwerke, Daten in der Cloud speichern, Instant Messenger und viele weitere internetbasierte Anwendungen sind längst zum unverzichtbaren Teil unseres Alltags geworden.  

Warum Bitcoin nicht geknackt werden kann

Bei Bitcoin wurde das Kopiermaschinen-Problem letztlich mit einem genialen Kniff gelöst. Weil das Internet so gut darin ist, Daten zu vervielfältigen, wird das zentrale Kassenbuch, das sämtliche Bitcoins verwaltet – man nennt es die Blockchain – einfach zehntausendfach kopiert. Um es zu fälschen oder dasselbe Geld zwei Mal auszugeben, müsste ein Angreifer den entsprechenden Eintrag somit nicht nur in einem, sondern in der Mehrheit dieser zehntausenden Kassenbücher gleichzeitig fälschen.

Das ist seit dem Beginn von Bitcoin noch niemandem gelungen, obwohl so ein Angriff lukrativ wäre. Immerhin verwaltet und organisiert die Bitcoin-Blockchain digitales Geld im Wert von mehreren hundert Milliarden Euro. Und all dies ist direkt im Internet frei einsehbar für jeden, der das möchte.

Bitcoin ist also nicht nur ein digitales Geld, es ist ein ganzes Geldsystem. Eines, das auf einer neuen Technologie beruht und das statt von Staaten und Banken von Menschen betrieben wird. Menschen, die in der nächsten Krise einfach eine Alternative haben wollen.

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